Infant Vision Laboratory
The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute
2318 Fillmore Street
San Francisco, CA 94115
415-345-2075
margaret@ski.org

Mother and baby photo.
What Can My Baby See? Click Here
Photo of baby
Click Here to participate in our studies.

Selected Publications

Reprint Requests: amn@ski.org

Appelbaum LG, Wade AR, Vildavski VY, Pettet MW, Norcia AM. Cue-Invariant Networks for Figure and Background Processing in Human Visual Cortex. J Neuroscience, 2006 Nov 8;26(45):11695–11708. (PDF)

Chen SI, Chandna A, Norcia AM, Pettet M, Stone D. The Repeatability of Best Corrected Acuity in Normal and Amblyopic Children 4 to 12 Years of Age. IOVS. 2006 Feb; 47(2):614-19. (PDF)

Hou CE, Pettet MW, Vildavski VY, Norcia AM. Neural correlates of shape-from-shading. Vis Res. 2006; 46:1080–1090. (PDF)

Good, WV and Hou,C. Sweep Visual Evoked Potential Grating Acuity Thresholds Paradoxically Improve in Low-Luminance Conditions in Children with Cortical Visual Impairment. IOVS. 2006 July; Vol. 47, No. 7:3220-24. (PDF)

Mirabella G, Kjaer PK, Norcia AM, Good WV, Madan A. Visual Development in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Pediatric Res. 2006; 60(4):435-39. (PDF)

Pei F, Pettet MW, Vildavski VY, Norcia AM. Event-related potentials show configural specificity of global form processing. Neuroreport. 2005 Sep 8;16(13):1427-30. (PDF)

Hale J, Harrad RA, McKee SP, Pettet MW, Norcia AM. A VEP measure of the binocular fusion of horizontal and vertical disparities. IOVS. 2005 May;46(5):1786-90. (PDF)

Norcia AM, Sampath V, Hou C, Pettet MW. Experience-expectant development of contour integration mechanisms in human visual cortex. J Vis. 2005 Feb 22;5(2):116-30. (PDF)

Norcia AM, McKee SP, Bonneh Y, Pettet MW. Suppression of monocular visual direction under fused binocular stimulation: evoked potential measurements. J Vis. 2005 Jan 27;5(1):34-44. (PDF)

Norcia AM, Pei F, Bonneh Y, Hou C, Sampath V, Pettet MW. Development of sensitivity to texture and contour information in the human infant. J Cogn Neurosci. 2005 Apr;17(4):569-79. (PDF)

Chandna A, Gonzalez-Martin JA, Norcia AM. Recovery of contour integration in relation to LogMAR visual acuity during treatment of amblyopia in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Nov;45(11):4016-22. (PDF)

Hou C, Pettet MW, Sampath V, Candy TR, Norcia AM. Development of the spatial organization and dynamics of lateral interactions in the human visual system. J Neuroscience. 2003 Sep 24;23(25):8630-40. (PDF)

Pei F, Pettet MW, Norcia AM. Neural correlates of object-based attention. J Vis. 2002;2(9):588-96. (PDF)

Norcia AM, Candy TR, Pettet MW, Vildavski VY, Tyler CW. Temporal dynamics of the human response to symmetry. J Vis. 2002;2(2):132-9. (PDF)

Skoczenski AM, Norcia AM. Late maturation of visual hyperacuity. Psychol Sci. 2002 Nov;13(6):537-41. (PDF)

Kasamatsu T, Polat U, Pettet MW, Norcia AM. Colinear facilitation promotes reliability of single-cell responses in cat striate cortex. Exp Brain Res. 2001 May;138(2):163-72. (PDF)

Candy TR, Skoczenski AM, Norcia AM. Normalization models applied to orientation masking in the human infant. J Neurosci. 2001 Jun 15;21(12):4530-41. (PDF)

Chen CC, Kasamatsu T, Polat U, Norcia AM. Contrast response characteristics of long-range lateral interactions in cat striate cortex. Neuroreport. 2001 Mar 26;12(4):655-61. (PDF)

Chandna A, Pennefather PM, Kovacs I, Norcia AM. Contour integration deficits in anisometropic amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Mar;42(3):875-8. (PDF)

Kovacs I, Polat U, Pennefather PM, Chandna A, Norcia AM. A new test of contour integration deficits in patients with a history of disrupted binocular experience during visual development. Vis Res 2000;40(13):1775-83. (PDF)

Norcia AM, Harrad RA, Brown RJ. Changes in cortical activity during suppression in stereoblindness. Neuroreport. 2000 Apr 7;11(5):1007-12. (PDF)

Good WV, Charlton V, Schwartz D, Harrison M. Total Retinal Detachment in a Preterm Infant Treated with ECMO . J of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus, 1999 July/Aug; 36(4): 213-215. (PDF)

Norcia AM, Wesemann W, Manny RE. Electrophysiological correlates of vernier and relative motion mechanisms in human visual cortex. Vis Neuroscience. 1999 Nov-Dec;16(6):1123-31.

Brown, R.J., Candy, T.R. and Norcia, A.M. Development of rivalry and dichoptic masking in human infants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Dec;40(13):3324-33. (PDF)

Norcia, A.M., Wesemann, W. and Manny, R.E. Asymmetric responses in cortical visually evoked potentials to motion are not derived from eye movements. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Sep;40(10):2435-9. (PDF)

Carney T., Klein S.A., Tyler C.W. et al (1999) The development of an image threshold database for designing and testing human vision models. In: Human Vision and Electronic Imaging IV. B.E. Rogowitz (Ed.), Proc. SPIE, 3644, 542-551. (PDF)

Pennefather, P.M., Chandna, A., Kovacs. I., Polat, U. and Norcia, A.M. (1999) Contour detection threshold: repeatability and learning with "contour cards". Spatial Vision, Feature Issue on Long-Range Interactions.

Shea, S.J., Chandna, A. and Norcia, A.M. (1999) Oscillatory motion but not pattern reversal elicits monocular motion VEP biases in infantile esotropia. Vis Res. (PDF)

Skoczenski, A.M. and Norcia, A.M. (1999) Development of VEP vernier acuity and grating acuity in human infants, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 40, 2411-2417. (PDF)

Brown R.J., Wilson J.R., Norcia A.M., & Boothe R.G. (1998) Development of directional motion symmetry in the monocular visually evoked potential of infant monkeys. Vis Res. 38, 1253-1263. (PDF)

Brosnahan, D., Norcia, A.M., Schor, C.M., and Taylor, D. (1998) OKN, perceptual and VEP direction biases in strabismus. Vis Res 38, 2833-2840. (PDF)

Kasamatsu, T., Kitano, M., Sutter, E.E., & Norcia A.M. (1998) Lack of lateral inhibitory interactions in visual cortex of monocularly deprived cats. Vis Res 38,1-25. (PDF)

Skoczenski, A.M., and Norcia, A.M. (1998). Neural noise limitations on infant visual sensitivity. Nature 391, 697-700. (PDF)

Polat U., Mizobe K., Pettet M.W., Kasamatsu T., and Norcia A.M. (1998). Collinear stimuli regulate visual responses depending on cell's contrast threshold. Nature 391, 580-584. (PDF)

Polat, U. and Norcia, A.M. (1998) Elongated physiological summation pools in human visual cortex. Vis Res 39, 3735-3742. (PDF)

Polat U., Sagi D., & Norcia A.M. (1997) Abnormal long-range spatial interactions in amblyopia. Vis Res 37, 737-744. (PDF)

Peterzell D.H., & Norcia A.M. (1997) Spatial frequency masking with the sweep VEP. Vis Res 37, 2349-2359. (PDF)

Brown R.J., & Norcia A.M. (1997) A method for investigating binocular rivalry in real-time with the steady-state VEP. Vis Res 37, 2401-2408. (PDF)

Allen D., Tyler C.W., & Norcia A.M. (1996) Development of grating acuity and contrast sensitivity in the central and peripheral visual field of the human infant. Vis Res 36, 1945-1954. (PDF)

Norcia A.M. (1996) Abnormal motion processing and binocularity: Infantile esotropia as a model system for effects of early interruptions of binocularity. Eye 10, 259-265.

Polat U., & Norcia A.M. (1996) Neurophysiological evidence for contrast dependent long range facilitation and suppression in the human visual cortex. Vis Res 36, 2099-2110. (PDF)

Grzywacz N.M., & Norcia A.M. (1995) Directional selectivity in the cortex. In: Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks. Arbib M.A. (ed.), Bradford Books, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp.309-311.

Kitano M., Kasamatsu T., Norcia A.M., & Sutter E.E. (1995) Spatially distributed responses induced by contrast reversal in cat visual cortex. Exp. Brain Res 104, 297-309.

Norcia A.M., Hamer R.D., Jampolsky A., & Orel-Bixler D. (1995) Plasticity of human motion processing mechanisms following surgery for infantile esotropia. Vision Res., 35, 3279-3296. (PDF)

Tang Y., & Norcia A.M. (1995) Coherent bispectral analysis of the steady-state VEP. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 17. (PDF)

Tang Y., & Norcia A.M. (1995) An adaptive filter for steady-state evoked responses. Electroencephalog. Clin. Neurophysiol., 96, 168-277. (PDF)

Tang Y., & Norcia A.M. (1995) Application of adaptive filtering to the steady-state evoked response. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 33, 391-395.

Hamer R.D., & Norcia A.M. (1994) The development of motion sensitivity during the first year of life. Vision Res., 34, 2387-2402.

Jampolsky A., Norcia A.M., & Hamer R.D. (1994) Preoperative alternate occlusion decreases motion processing abnormalities in infantile esotropia. J. Ped. Ophthalmol. Strab., 31, 6-17.

Kitano M., Niiyama K., Kasamatsu T., Sutter E.E., & Norcia A.M. (1994) Retinotopic and non-retinotopic field potentials in cat visual cortex. Visual Neuroscience, 11, 953-977.

Norcia A.M. (1994) Vision testing by visual evoked potential techniques. In: The Eye in Infancy. Isenberg S. (ed.), Mosby, Chicago, pp. 157-173.

Tang Y., & Norcia A.M. (1994) Evaluation of a new Laplacian filter for steady-state EPs. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 16, 211-212. (PDF)

Allen D., Banks M.S., & Norcia A.M. (1993) Does chromatic sensitivity develop more slowly than luminance sensitivity? Vision Res., 33, 2553-2562. (PDF)

Hamer R.D., Norcia A.M., Orel-Bixler D., & Hoyt C.S. (1993) Motion VEPs in late-onset esotropia. Clin. Vision Sci., 8, 55-62.

Norcia A.M. (1993) Improving infant evoked response measurement. In: Early Visual Development Normal and Abnormal. Simons K. (ed.), Oxford, New York, pp. 536-552.

Tang Y., & Norcia A.M. (1993) An adaptive filter for the steady-state VEP. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 322-323. (PDF)

Tang Y., & Norcia A.M. (1993) Improved processing of the steady-state evoked potential. Encephalog. Clin. Neurophysiol., 88, 323-334.

Hamer R.D., Norcia A.M., Day S.H., Haegerstrom-Portnoy G., Lewis D., & Hsu-Winges C. (1992) Comparison of on-and-off-axis photorefraction with cycloplegic retinoscopy in infant. J. Ped. Ophthalmol. Strab., 29, 232-239.

Wesemann W., & Norcia A.M. (1992) Contrast dependence of the oscillatory motion threshold across the visual field. J. Opt. Soc. Am., A 9, 10, 1663-1671. (PDF)

Norcia A.M., Garcia H., Humphry R., Holmes A., Hamer R.D., & Orel-Bixler D. (1991) Anomolous motion VEPs in infants and in infantile esotropia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 32, 436-439.

Ohashi T., Norcia A.M., Kasamatsu T., & Jampolsky A. (1991) Cortical recovery from effects of monocular deprivation caused by diffusion and occlusion. Brain Res., 548, 63-73.

Wesemann W., Norcia A.M., & Allen D. (1991) Theory of eccentric photorefraction (photoretinoscopy): Astigmatic eyes. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A8, 2038-2047. (PDF)

Day S.H., & Norcia A.M. (1990) Infantile esotropia and the developing visual system. Ophthalmol. Clinics North America, 3, 281-288.

Norcia A.M., Tyler C.W., & Hamer R.D. (1990) Development of contrast sensitivity in the human infant. Vision Res., 30, 1475-1486.

Tang Y., & Norcia A.M. (1990) Improved parameter estimation of steady-state visual evoked potentials. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 12, 903-905.

Hamer R.D., Norcia A.M., Tyler C.W., & Hsu-Winges C. (1989) The development of monocular and binocular VEP acuity. Vision Res., 29, 397-408.

Hsu-Winges C., Hamer R.D., Norcia A.M., Wesemann H., & Chan C. (1989) Polaroid photorefractive screening of infants. J. Ped. Ophthalmol. Strab., 254-260.

Norcia A.M., Tyler C.W., Hamer R.D., & Wesemann W. (1989) Measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity with the swept contrast VEP. Vision Res., 29, 627-637.

Day S.H., & Norcia A.M. (1988) Photographic screening for factors leading to amblyopia. Am. Orthoptic J., 51-55.

Day S.H., Orel-Bixler D.A., & Norcia A.M. (1988) Abnormal acuity development in infantile esotropia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 29, 327-329.

Norcia A.M., Tyler C.W., & Hamer R.D. (1988) High visual contrast sensitivity in the young human infant. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 29, 44-49.

Norcia A.M., Tyler C.W., Piecuch R., Clyman R., & Grobstein J. (1987) Visual acuity development in normal and abnormal preterm human infants. J. Ped. Ophthalmol. Strab., 24, 70-74.

Orel-Bixler D.A., & Norcia A.M. (1987) Differential growth of acuity for steady-state pattern reversal and transient pattern. Clin. Vision Sci., 2, 1-9.

Allen D., Norcia A.M., & Tyler C.W. (1986) A comparative study of electrophysiological and psychophysical measurement of the contrast sensitivity function in humans. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Optics, 63, 442-449.

Day S., & Norcia A.M. (1986) Photographic detection of amblyogenic factors. Ophthalmology, 93, 25-28.

Norcia A.M., Shinn P., Sato T., & Mertus J. (1986) Methods for the identification of evoked response components in the frequency and combined time/frequency domains. Electroencephalog. Clin. Neurophysiol., 65, 212-226.

Norcia A.M., Tyler C.W., & Allen D. (1986) Electrophysiological assessment of contrast sensitivity in human infants. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Optics, 63, 12-15.

Norcia A.M., Zadnik K., & Day S. (1986) Photorefraction with a catadioptric lens. Improvement on the method of Kaakinen. Acta Ophthal., 64, 379-385.

Tyler C.W., & Norcia A.M. (1986) Plasticity of human acuity development with variations in visual experience. In: Adaptive Processes in Visual and Oculomotor Systems. Keller E.L., Zee D.S. (eds.), Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 95-100.

Norcia A.M., Clarke M., & Tyler C.W. (1985) Digital filtering and robust regression techniques for estimating sensory thresholds from the evoked potential. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 4, 26-32. (PDF)

Norcia A.M., & Tyler C.W. (1985) Infant VEP acuity measurements: analysis of individual differences and measurement error. Electronencephalog. Clin. Neurophysiol., 61, 359-369.

Norcia A.M., & Tyler C.W. (1985) Spatial frequency sweep VEP: visual acuity during the first year of life. Vision Res., 25, 1399-1408.

Norcia A.M., Sutter E.E., & Tyler C.W. (1985) Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of coarse and fine disparity mechanisms in human. Vision Res., 25, 1603-1611.

Norcia A., & Tyler C.W. (1984) Temporal frequency limits for stereoscopic apparent motion processes. Vision Res., 24, 395-401.

Odom J.V., & Norcia A.M. (1984) Retinal and cortical potentials: spatial and temporal characteristics. Doc. Ophthal. Proc. Series, 40, 29-38.