References
1. Thylefors, B. A mission for vision. The Lancet. December, 1999; 354 Suppl: SIV44.
2. Loughborough, W. Talking Lights. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 1979; 73(6): 243.
3. Crandall, W, Bentzen B, Myers, L. Transit accessibility improvement through Talking SignsR Remote Infrared Signage: A demonstration and evaluation. Washington, DC: Final report to US Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration and Project ACTION of the National Easter Seal Society, 1995: 1-30.
4. Brabyn, J, Brabyn, L. Speech intelligibility of the Talking Signs. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 1982; 76(2): 77-78.
5. Schenkman, B. The effect of receiver beamwidth on the detection time of a message from Talking Signs, an auditory orientation aid for the blind. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 1986; 9(3):239-246.
6. Bentzen, B and Mitchell, P. Audible signage as a wayfinding aid: Comparison of Verbal LandmarksR and Talking SignsR. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 1995; 89: 494-505.
7. Crandall, W., Brabyn, J., Bentzen, B., Myers, L. Remote infrared signage evaluation for transit stations and intersections. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 1999; 36: 341-355.
8. Crandall, W, Bentzen, B, Myers, L. Use of Talking SignsR by people with developmental disabilities. Washington, DC: Final Report, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 1998: 1-23.
9. Myers, L, Bentzen, B, Crandall, W. The Talking SignsR system at crosswalks: A pilot study.
San Francisco, CA.: Unpublished monograph, Smith-Kettlewell, 1996: 1-9.
10. Crandall, W, Bentzen, B, Myers, L. Use of Talking SignsR at light controlled intersections. Washington, DC: Final Report, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, 1998: 1-30.
Figure 1. The Talking Signs system comprise infrared transmitters in the environment which provide information to users by way of a hand held receiver. The directional characteristics of the infrared beam ensures precise “point-out-ability” of the sign’s location. Frequency modulated transmission of the infrared messages allow multiple transmitters to be in close proximity without cross interference.
Figure 2. Floor plan of tri-level transit station site of the demonstration project. Numbers on map designate the location of each Talking Signs transmitter.
Figure 3. Location of the Talking Signs transmitters and the tactile sign on the bus shelter.
Figure 4. Talking Signs not only gives location information but also tells the pedestrian the current status of the pedestrian cycle, aids in finding the crosswalk, and indicates the direction of the destination corner.
Figure 5. Users receive “Just In Time Information” regarding the tasks necessary for travel on streets and through street crossings.
Figure 6. Twenty-nine Talking Signs units were installed atop pedestrian crossing signals in the Civic Center area of San Francisco.
Figure 7. Binomial tests for nine measures of street crossing performance with and without the use of the Talking Signs syste
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